1. Yintoni ii-polymerUncedo lokucubungula? Yintoni umsebenzi walo?
Impendulo: Izongezo ziikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo ezincedisayo ekufuneka zongezwe kwizinto ezithile kunye neemveliso kwinkqubo yokuvelisa okanye yokucubungula ukuphucula iinkqubo zemveliso kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwemveliso. Kwinkqubo yokucubungula iiresini kunye nerabha eluhlaza ibe yiplastiki kunye neemveliso zerabha, kufuneka iikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo ezincedisayo.
Umsebenzi: ① Ukuphucula ukusebenza kwenkqubo yeepolymers, ukuphucula iimeko zokucubungula, kunye nokungenisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokucubungula; ② Ukuphucula ukusebenza kweemveliso, ukuphucula ixabiso lazo kunye nobomi bazo.
2. Yintoni ehambelanayo phakathi kwezongezo kunye neepolymers? Ithetha ukuthini ukutshiza nokubila?
Impendulo: Ukufutha nge-polymerization – ukufutha kwezongezo eziqinileyo; Ukubila – ukufutha kwezongezo zolwelo.
Ukuhambelana phakathi kwezongezo kunye neepolymers kubhekisa kubuchule bezongezo kunye neepolymers bokuxubana ngokulinganayo ixesha elide ngaphandle kokuvelisa ukwahlukana kwesigaba kunye nokuna kwemvula;
3. Yintoni umsebenzi wezinto zokucoca iplastiki?
Impendulo: Ukunciphisa amandla okubopha phakathi kweemolekyuli zepolymer, ezaziwa ngokuba zii-van der Waals forces, kwandisa ukuhamba kweetsheyini zepolymer kwaye kunciphisa ubukrelekrele bazo.
4. Kutheni i-polystyrene inokumelana ngcono ne-oxidation kune-polypropylene?
Impendulo: I-H engaguqukiyo ithathelwa indawo liqela elikhulu le-phenyl, kwaye isizathu sokuba i-PS ingagugi kukuba iringi yebenzene inefuthe lokukhusela kwi-H; i-PP ine-hydrogen yesithathu kwaye iguga.
5. Zithini izizathu zokufudumeza okungazinzanga kwePVC?
Impendulo: ① Ulwakhiwo lwetsheyini yemolekyuli luqulathe iintsalela ze-initiator kunye ne-allyl chloride, ezivuselela amaqela asebenzayo. I-double bond yeqela lokugqibela inciphisa uzinzo lobushushu; ② Impembelelo yeoksijini ikhawulezisa ukususwa kwe-HCL ngexesha lokubola kobushushu be-PVC; ③ I-HCl eveliswa yi-reaction inefuthe le-catalytic ekubola kwe-PVC; ④ Impembelelo yedosi ye-plasticizer.
6. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zophando lwangoku, zeziphi imisebenzi ephambili yezibambisi-bushushu?
Impendulo: ① Funxa kwaye unciphise i-HCL, uthintele isiphumo sayo sokutsala ngokuzenzekelayo; ② Ukutshintsha ii-athomu ze-allyl chloride ezingazinzanga kwiimolekyuli ze-PVC ukuthintela ukukhutshwa kwe-HCl; ③ Iimpendulo ezongezelelweyo kunye nezakhiwo ze-polyene ziphazamisa ukwakheka kweenkqubo ezinkulu ezidibeneyo kwaye zinciphise umbala; ④ Bamba ii-free radicals kwaye uthintele ii-oxidation reactions; ⑤ Ukungathinteli okanye ukudlula kwee-ion zesinyithi okanye ezinye izinto eziyingozi ezibangela ukonakala; ⑥ Inefuthe lokukhusela, lokukhusela, kunye nobuthathaka kwimitha ye-ultraviolet.
7. Kutheni imitha ye-ultraviolet iyeyona itshabalalisa kakhulu iipolymers?
Impendulo: Amaza e-ultraviolet made kwaye anamandla, aphula uninzi lwee-polymer chemical bonds.
8. Loluphi uhlobo lwenkqubo yokusebenzisana olusetyenziswa yi-intumescent flame retardant, kwaye yintoni umgaqo wayo osisiseko kunye nomsebenzi wayo?
Impendulo: Izinto ezithintela ilangatye ezingaphakathi ziphantsi kwenkqubo ye-phosphorus nitrogen synergistic.
Indlela yokusebenza: Xa i-polymer equlethe into ethintela ilangatye ifudunyezwa, umaleko ofanayo we-carbon foam unokwenziwa phezu komphezulu wawo. Umaleko unomleko omhle womleko ngenxa yokuthintela ubushushu, ukwahlulwa kweoksijini, ukuthintela umsi kunye nokuthintela ukuvuza kwamanzi.
9. Yintoni i-oxygen index, kwaye yintoni ubudlelwane phakathi kobukhulu be-oxygen index kunye ne-flame retardancy?
Impendulo: OI=O2/(O2 N2) x 100%, apho i-O2 iyindlela yokuhamba kweoksijini; N2: Indlela yokuhamba kwenitrogen. Isalathisi seoksijini sibhekisa kwipesenti encinci ye-oksijini efunekayo kumxube weoksijini ye-nitrogen xa isampuli ethile yeenkcukacha inokutsha rhoqo nangokuthe ngcembe njengekhandlela. I-OI<21 iyatsha, i-OI ingama-22-25 ineempawu zokuzicima, i-26-27 kunzima ukuyitshisa, kwaye ingaphezulu kwama-28 kunzima kakhulu ukuyitshisa.
10. Inkqubo ye-antimony halide flame retardant ibonisa njani imiphumo yokusebenzisana?
Impendulo: I-Sb2O3 isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-antimony, ngelixa ii-organic halides zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-halides. I-Sb2O3/machine isetyenziswa kwi-halides ikakhulu ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwayo ne-hydrogen halide ekhutshwa yi-halides.
Kwaye imveliso inyibilikiswa ngobushushu ibe yi-SbCl3, eyigesi eguquguqukayo eneqondo lokubila eliphantsi. Le gesi inoxinano oluphezulu kwaye inokuhlala kwindawo yokutsha ixesha elide ukuze inciphise iigesi ezinokutsha, yahlukanise umoya, kwaye idlale indima ekuthinteleni ii-olefins; Okwesibini, inokubamba ii-free radicals ezinokutsha ukuze kuthintelwe amalangatye. Ukongeza, i-SbCl3 iqina ibe ngamaconsi aqinileyo afana namasuntswana phezu kwelangatye, kwaye isiphumo sayo sodonga sisasaza ubushushu obuninzi, sinciphise okanye simise isantya sokutsha. Ngokubanzi, umlinganiselo we-3:1 ulungele ngakumbi ii-athomu ze-chlorine kwisinyithi.
11. Ngokweziphumo zophando lwangoku, zeziphi iindlela zokusebenza kwezinto ezithintela umlilo?
Impendulo: ① Iimveliso zokubola kwezinto ezithintela ilangatye kubushushu bokutsha zenza ifilimu encinci yeglasi engaguqukiyo nengaxoxisiyo, enokwahlukanisa amandla okubonakalisa umoya okanye ibe nobushushu obuphantsi.
② Izinto ezithintela ilangatye ziyabola ukuze zivelise iigesi ezingatshiyo, ngaloo ndlela zinyibilikisa iigesi ezivuthayo kwaye zinciphise uxinano lweoksijini kwindawo yokutsha; ③ Ukunyibilika nokubola kwezinto ezithintela ilangatye kufunxa ubushushu kwaye zidle ubushushu;
④ Izinto ezithintela ilangatye zikhuthaza ukwakheka komaleko wobushushu obungenazimbobo phezu komphezulu weplastiki, nto leyo ethintela ukuhanjiswa kobushushu kunye nokutsha okungakumbi.
12. Kutheni iplastiki ichaphazeleka lula kumbane ongashukumiyo ngexesha lokucubungula okanye lokusebenzisa?
Impendulo: Ngenxa yokuba imixokelelwane yemolekyuli yepolymer ephambili yenziwe kakhulu ziibhondi ze-covalent, ayinakuyitshintsha okanye idlulise ii-electron. Ngexesha lokucubungula nokusetyenziswa kweemveliso zayo, xa idibana kwaye ingqubana nezinye izinto okanye yona ngokwayo, iyatshajwa ngenxa yokufumana okanye ukulahleka kwee-electron, kwaye kunzima ukuyinyamalala ngokuziqhuba ngokwayo.
13. Zithini iimpawu zesakhiwo semolekyuli see-antistatic agents?
Impendulo: RYX R: iqela le-oleophilic, Y: iqela le-linker, X: iqela le-hydrophilic. Kwiimolekyuli zazo, kufuneka kubekho ibhalansi efanelekileyo phakathi kweqela le-oleophilic elingengo-polar kunye neqela le-polar hydrophilic, kwaye kufuneka zibe nokuhambelana okuthile nezinto ze-polymer. Amaqela e-alkyl angaphezu kwe-C12 ngamaqela aqhelekileyo e-oleophilic, ngelixa i-hydroxyl, i-carboxyl, i-sulfonic acid, kunye ne-ether bonds ngamaqela aqhelekileyo e-hydrophilic.
14. Chaza ngokufutshane indlela esebenza ngayo ii-anti-static agents.
Impendulo: Okokuqala, ii-anti-static agents zenza ifilimu eqhubekayo eqhubayo kumphezulu wezinto, enokunika umphezulu wemveliso inqanaba elithile le-hygroscopicity kunye ne-ionization, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ukumelana nomphezulu kwaye ibangele ukuba ii-static charges ezivelisiweyo zivuthe ngokukhawuleza, ukuze kufezekiswe injongo ye-anti-static; Okwesibini kukunika umphezulu wezinto inqanaba elithile le-lubrication, ukunciphisa i-friction coefficient, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kucinezelwe kwaye kuncitshiswe ukuveliswa kwee-static charges.
① Iiarhente zangaphandle ezichasene ne-static zihlala zisetyenziswa njengezinyibilikisi okanye izisasazi ngamanzi, utywala, okanye ezinye izinyibilikisi zendalo. Xa kusetyenziswa iiarhente ezichasene ne-static ukufunxa izinto zepolymer, inxalenye edibanisa ne-hydrophilic yearhente echasene ne-static ifunxa ngokuqinileyo phezu komphezulu wezinto, kwaye inxalenye edibanisa ne-hydrophilic ifunxa amanzi emoyeni, ngaloo ndlela yenza umaleko oqhubayo kumphezulu wezinto, odlala indima ekupheliseni umbane ohambelana ne-static;
② I-arhente yangaphakathi yokulwa nokuqina ixutywa kwi-polymer matrix ngexesha lokucubungula iplastiki, ize ifudukele kumphezulu wepolymer ukuze idlale indima yokulwa nokuqina;
③ I-polymer blended permanent anti-static agent yindlela yokudibanisa ii-hydrophilic polymers kwi-polymer ukuze kwenziwe imijelo eqhubayo eqhuba kwaye ikhuphe ii-static charges.
15. Zeziphi iinguqu ezidla ngokwenzeka kwisakhiwo kunye neempawu zerabha emva kokuguqulwa kwerabha ibe yi-vulcanization?
Impendulo: ① Irabha evulcanized itshintshile ukusuka kwisakhiwo esithe tyaba ukuya kwisakhiwo senethiwekhi esinemilinganiselo emithathu; ② Ukufudumeza akusaphumi; ③ Akusanyibiliki kwi-solvent yayo elungileyo; ④ I-modulus kunye nobunzima obuphuculweyo; ⑤ Iipropati zoomatshini eziphuculweyo; ⑥ Ukumelana nokwaluphala okuphuculweyo kunye nokuzinza kweekhemikhali; ⑦ Ukusebenza kwesixhobo kunokuncipha.
16. Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-sulphur sulfide kunye ne-sulphur donor sulfide?
Impendulo: ① I-sulfur vulcanization: Iibhondi ezininzi zesalfure, ukumelana nobushushu, ukumelana nokwaluphala kakubi, ukuguquguquka okuhle, kunye nokuguquguquka okukhulu okungapheliyo; ② Umnikeli wesalfure: Iibhondi ezininzi zesalfure enye, ukumelana nobushushu okuhle kunye nokumelana nokwaluphala.
17. Yintoni eyenziwa ngumntu okhuthaza i-vulcanization?
Impendulo: Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yeemveliso zerabha, ukunciphisa iindleko, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza. Izinto ezinokukhuthaza i-vulcanization. Inganciphisa ixesha le-vulcanization, yehlise ubushushu be-vulcanization, yehlise ubungakanani be-agent ye-vulcanizing, kwaye iphucule iimpawu zomzimba neze-mechanical zerabha.
18. Isiganeko sokutsha: sibhekisa kwisiganeko sokuguqulwa kwezinto zerabha kwangoko ngexesha lokucubungula.
19. Chaza ngokufutshane umsebenzi kunye neentlobo eziphambili zee-vulcanizing agents
Impendulo: Umsebenzi we-activator kukuphucula umsebenzi we-accelerator, ukunciphisa umthamo we-accelerator, kunye nokunciphisa ixesha le-vulcanization.
I-Active agent: yinto enokunyusa umsebenzi wee-organic accelerators, ezivumela ukuba zisebenzise ngokupheleleyo ukusebenza kwazo, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa inani lee-accelerators ezisetyenzisiweyo okanye zinciphise ixesha le-vulcanization. Ii-Active agents ngokubanzi zahlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini: ii-inorganic active agents kunye nee-organic active agents. Ii-inorganic surfactants ziquka ikakhulu ii-metal oxides, ii-hydroxides, kunye nee-basic carbonates; Ii-organic surfactants ziquka ikakhulu ii-fatty acids, ii-amines, iisepha, ii-polyols, kunye nee-amino alcohols. Ukongeza inani elincinci le-activator kwi-rubber compound kunokuphucula i-vulcanization degree yayo.
1) Izinto ezisebenzayo ezingaphiliyo: ikakhulu ii-oxide zesinyithi;
2) Izinto ezisebenzayo ze-organic: ikakhulu ii-fatty acids.
Ingqalelo: ① I-ZnO ingasetyenziswa njenge-arhente ye-metal oxide vulcanizing kwirabha ye-halogenated crosslink; ② I-ZnO inokuphucula ukumelana nobushushu kwerabha ye-vulcanized.
20. Zithini iziphumo ze-accelerators emva kweposi kwaye zeziphi iintlobo ze-accelerators ezineziphumo ezilungileyo emva kweposi?
Impendulo: Ngaphantsi kobushushu be-vulcanization, ayizukubangela i-vulcanization yangethuba. Xa ubushushu be-vulcanization bufikelelwe, umsebenzi we-vulcanization uphezulu, kwaye olu phawu lubizwa ngokuba yi-post effect ye-accelerator. Ii-Sulfonamides zineziphumo ezilungileyo ze-post.
21. Inkcazo yezinto zokuthambisa kunye nomahluko phakathi kwezinto zokuthambisa zangaphakathi nezangaphandle?
Impendulo: Isithambisi – isongezo esinokuphucula ukungqubana kunye nokunamathelana phakathi kwamasuntswana eplastiki naphakathi kokunyibilika kunye nomphezulu wesinyithi wezixhobo zokucubungula, sonyuse ukugeleza kwe-resin, sifikelele kwixesha lokuguqulwa kwe-resin ibe yiplastiki, kwaye sigcine imveliso eqhubekayo, sibizwa ngokuba yi-lubricant.
Izithambisi zangaphandle zinokunyusa ukutyeba kweendawo zeplastiki ngexesha lokucubungula, zinciphise amandla okunamathela phakathi kweendawo zeplastiki nezesinyithi, kwaye zinciphise amandla okucheba oomatshini, ngaloo ndlela zifezekisa injongo yokuba zicutshungulwe lula ngaphandle kokonakalisa iimpawu zeplastiki. Izithambisi zangaphakathi zinokunciphisa ukungqubana kwangaphakathi kweepolymers, zonyuse izinga lokunyibilika kunye nokuguquguquka kokunyibilika kweplastiki, zinciphise i-melt viscosity, kwaye ziphucule ukusebenza kweplastiki.
Umahluko phakathi kwezinto zokuthambisa zangaphakathi nezangaphandle: Izinto zokuthambisa zangaphakathi zifuna ukuhambelana okuhle neepolymers, zinciphisa ukungqubana phakathi kweetsheyini zemolekyuli, kwaye ziphucule ukusebenza kokuhamba kwamanzi; Kwaye izinto zokuthambisa zangaphandle zifuna inqanaba elithile lokuhambelana neepolymers ukunciphisa ukungqubana phakathi kweepolymers kunye nomphezulu owenziwe ngomatshini.
22. Zeziphi izinto ezimisela ubungakanani bempembelelo yokuqinisa yezalisa?
Impendulo: Ubukhulu besiphumo sokuqinisa buxhomekeke kwisakhiwo esiphambili seplastiki ngokwayo, ubungakanani bee-filler particles, indawo ethile yomphezulu kunye nobukhulu, umsebenzi womphezulu, ubungakanani bee-particles kunye nokusasazwa, ulwakhiwo lwesigaba, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kunye nokusasazwa kwee-particles kwi-polymers. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukunxibelelana phakathi kwe-filler kunye ne-interface layer eyenziwe zii-polymer polymer chains, ezibandakanya zombini amandla e-physical okanye e-chemical asetyenziswa ngumphezulu wee-particle kwi-polymer chains, kunye ne-crystallization kunye ne-orientation yee-polymer chains ngaphakathi kwe-interface layer.
23. Zeziphi izinto ezichaphazela amandla eplastiki eziqinisiweyo?
Impendulo: ① Amandla esixhobo sokuqinisa akhethwa ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno; ② Amandla eepolymers ezisisiseko anokuhlangatyezwa ngokukhetha nokuguqula iipolymers; ③ Ukudibanisa umphezulu phakathi kweeplasticizers kunye neepolymers ezisisiseko; ④ Izixhobo zombutho zezinto zokuqinisa.
24. Yintoni i-coupling agent, iimpawu zayo zesakhiwo se-molecular, kunye nomzekelo wokubonisa indlela esebenza ngayo.
Impendulo: Ii-coupling agents zibhekisa kuhlobo lwento enokuphucula iipropati zonxibelelwano phakathi kwezizalisi kunye nezinto zepolymer.
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zamaqela asebenzayo kwisakhiwo sayo semolekyuli: enye ingenza ii-chemical reactions kunye ne-polymer matrix okanye ubuncinane ibe nokuhambelana okuhle; Olunye uhlobo lunokwenza ii-chemical bonds kunye ne-inorganic fillers. Umzekelo, i-silane coupling agent, ifomyula ngokubanzi ingabhalwa njenge-RSiX3, apho i-R liqela elisebenzayo elinobudlelwane kunye ne-reactivity kunye nee-polymer molecules, ezifana ne-vinyl chloropropyl, i-epoxy, i-methacryl, i-amino, kunye namaqela e-thiol. I-X liqela le-alkoxy elinokutsalwa i-hydrolyzed, njenge-methoxy, i-ethoxy, njl.
25. Yintoni into ekhupha amagwebu?
Impendulo: I-agent ekhupha amagwebu luhlobo lwento enokwenza isakhiwo se-microporous serabha okanye iplastiki kwimeko yolwelo okanye yeplastiki ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile lwe-viscosity.
Isixhobo sokufutha ngokwasemzimbeni: uhlobo lwekhompawundi efikelela kwiinjongo zokufutha ngokuxhomekeka kutshintsho olukwimo yalo yomzimba ngexesha lenkqubo yokufutha;
I-arhente yekhemikhali yokufutha: Kwiqondo lobushushu elithile, iya kubola ngobushushu ukuze ivelise igesi enye okanye ezingaphezulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-polymer ifuthe.
26. Zithini iimpawu zekhemistri engaphiliyo kunye nekhemistri yendalo ekuqhekekeni kwee-agents ezikhupha amagwebu?
Impendulo: Iingenelo kunye nokungalungi kwezinto ezibangela ukubila kwezinto eziphilayo: ① ukusasazeka kakuhle kwiipolymers; ② Uluhlu lobushushu bokubola luncinci kwaye kulula ukululawula; ③ Igesi ye-N2 eveliswayo ayitshisi, ayiqhumi, ayinyibiliki lula, inesantya esiphantsi sokusasazwa, kwaye akukho lula ukuyibaleka kwifoam, nto leyo ebangela isantya esiphezulu sengubo; ④ Amasuntswana amancinci abangela iimbobo ezincinci zefoam; ⑤ Kukho iintlobo ezininzi; ⑥ Emva kokuqhuma, kukho intsalela eninzi, ngamanye amaxesha ifikelela kwi-70% -85%. Ezi ntsalela ngamanye amaxesha zinokubangela ivumba, zingcolise izinto zepolymer, okanye zivelise iqabaka lomphezulu; ⑦ Ngexesha lokubola, ngokubanzi yimpendulo exothermic. Ukuba ubushushu bokubola kwesixhobo sokukhupha amagwebu esisetyenzisiweyo buphezulu kakhulu, bunokubangela i-gradient enkulu yobushushu ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwenkqubo yokukhupha amagwebu ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhupha amagwebu, ngamanye amaxesha okubangela ubushushu obuphezulu bangaphakathi kunye nokonakalisa iipropati zomzimba nezekhemikhali zepolymer. Iiarhente zokukhupha amagwebu ze-organic zizinto ezinokutsha kakhulu, kwaye kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukuthintela umlilo ngexesha lokugcina nokusetyenziswa.
27. Yintoni i-masterbatch yombala?
Impendulo: Yi-aggregate eyenziwe ngokufaka ii-pigments okanye iidayi ezifanayo kwi-resin; Izinto ezisisiseko: ii-pigments okanye iidayi, abathwali, abasasazi, izongezo; Umsebenzi: ① Iluncedo ekugcineni uzinzo lweekhemikhali kunye nozinzo lombala wee-pigments; ② Ukuphucula ukusasazeka kwee-pigments kwiplastiki; ③ Ukukhusela impilo yabaqhubi; ④ Inkqubo elula kunye nokuguqulwa kombala okulula; ⑤ Okusingqongileyo kucocekile kwaye akungcolisi izixhobo; ⑥ Gcina ixesha kunye nezinto eziluhlaza.
28. Kuthetha ukuthini amandla okufaka imibala?
Impendulo: Kukukwazi kwezinto ezifaka imibala ukuchaphazela umbala womxube wonke ngombala wazo; Xa kusetyenziswa izinto ezifaka imibala kwiimveliso zeplastiki, amandla azo okugquma abhekisa kubuchule bazo bokuthintela ukukhanya ukuba kungangeni kwimveliso.
Ixesha leposi: Epreli-11-2024