1. Yintoni aipholimauncedo processing?Yintoni umsebenzi wayo?
Impendulo: Izongezo ziikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo ezincedisayo ezifuna ukudityaniswa kwizinto ezithile kunye neemveliso kwimveliso okanye kwinkqubo yokucubungula ukuphucula iinkqubo zokuvelisa kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwemveliso.Kwinkqubo yokucubungula iirasi kunye nerabha eluhlaza kwiplastiki kunye neemveliso zerabha, iikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo ezincedisayo ziyafuneka.
Umsebenzi: ① Phucula inkqubo yokusebenza kweepholima, lungisa iimeko zokusetyenzwa, kwaye ungenise ukusebenza kakuhle;② Phucula ukusebenza kweemveliso, uphucule ixabiso lazo kunye nexesha lokuphila.
2.Yintoni ukuhambelana phakathi kwezongezo kunye neepolima?Ithini intsingiselo yokutshiza nokubila?
Impendulo: Tshiza i-polymerization - imvula yezongezo eziqinileyo;Ukubila – imvula yezongezo zolwelo.
Ukuhambelana phakathi kwezongezo kunye neepolymers kubhekiselele kwisakhono sezongezo kunye neepolymers ukuba zixutywe ngokulinganayo kunye ixesha elide ngaphandle kokuvelisa ukwahlukana kwesigaba kunye nemvula;
3.Yintoni umsebenzi weeplastiki zeplastiki?
Impendulo: Ukunciphisa iibhondi zesibini phakathi kweemolekyuli ze-polymer, ezaziwa ngokuba yi-van der Waals force, kwandisa ukuhamba kwamaketanga e-polymer kunye nokunciphisa i-crystallinity yabo.
4.Kutheni i-polystyrene inokumelana ne-oxidation engcono kune-polypropylene?
Impendulo: I-H engazinzanga ithathelwa indawo liqela elikhulu le-phenyl, kwaye isizathu sokuba i-PS ingakwazi ukuguga kukuba i-benzene ring inefuthe lokukhusela kwi-H;I-PP iqulethe i-hydrogen ephezulu kwaye ijwayele ukuguga.
5.Ziziphi izizathu zokufudumeza okungazinzanga kwePVC?
Impendulo: ① I-molecular chain structure iqulethe iintsalela zokuqalisa kunye ne-alyl chloride, eyenza amaqela asebenzayo asebenze.Iqela lokugqibela ibhondi ephindwe kabini inciphisa ukuzinza kwe-thermal;② Impembelelo ye-oksijini ikhawuleza ukususwa kwe-HCL ngexesha lokuthotywa kwe-thermal ye-PVC;③ I-HCl eveliswe yi-reaction inefuthe elibangela ukuthotywa kwePVC;④ Impembelelo yedosi yeplastiki.
6. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zophando lwangoku, yiyiphi imisebenzi ephambili yokuqinisa ukushisa?
Impendulo: ① Funxa kwaye unciphise i-HCL, inqanda umphumo wayo ozenzekelayo we-catalytic;② Ukutshintsha iiathom ze-alyl chloride ezingazinzanga kwiimolekyuli zePVC ukuthintela ukukhutshwa kweHCl;③ Ukongezwa kokusabela kunye nezakhiwo ze-polyene ziphazamisa ukubunjwa kweenkqubo ezinkulu ezidibeneyo kunye nokunciphisa umbala;④ Thatha iiradicals zasimahla kwaye uthintele ukusabela kwi-oxidation;⑤ Ukungathathi hlangothi okanye ukugqithiswa kweeyoni zetsimbi okanye ezinye izinto ezinobungozi ezibangela ukuthotywa;⑥ Inokhuselo, ikhusela, kunye nefuthe elibuthathaka kwimitha ye-ultraviolet.
7.Kutheni imitha ye-ultraviolet iyingozi kakhulu kwiipolymers?
Impendulo: Amaza e-Ultraviolet ade kwaye anamandla, aphula amaninzi amabhondi ekhemikhali ye-polymer.
8. Loluphi uhlobo lwesixokelelwano se-synergistic esenziwa kwi-intumescent flame retardant, kwaye yintoni umgaqo wayo osisiseko kunye nomsebenzi wayo?
Impendulo: I-Intumescent flame retardants ye-phosphorus nitrogen synergistic system.
Inkqubo: Xa i-polymer equlethe i-flame retardant ifudunyezwa, umaleko ofanayo we-carbon foam unokwakheka kumphezulu wayo.Umaleko unokubambezeleka kakuhle kwedangatye ngenxa yokugquma ubushushu, ukwahlukaniswa neoksijini, ukucinezelwa komsi kunye nokuthintela ukuthontsiza.
9. Yintoni isalathiso seoksijini, yaye luluphi ulwalamano phakathi kobukhulu besalathiso seoksijini kunye nokuncipha kwelangatye?
Impendulo: OI=O2/(O2 N2) x 100%, apho i-O2 iyisantya sokuhamba kwe-oxygen;N2: Umlinganiselo wokuqukuqela kwenitrogen.Isalathiso se-oksijini sibhekisa kumthamo ophantsi wepesenteji ye-oxygen efunekayo kumxube we-nitrogen oksijini ukuhamba komoya xa isampulu yenkcazo ethile inokuvutha ngokuqhubekayo kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe njengekhandlela.I-OI<21 inokutsha, i-OI i-22-25 kunye neempawu zokuzicima, i-26-27 inzima ukuyitshisa, kwaye ngaphezu kwe-28 kunzima kakhulu ukuyitshisa.
10.Ibonisa njani i-antimony halide flame retardant system?
Impendulo: I-Sb2O3 isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-antimony, ngelixa i-organic halides isetyenziselwa i-halides.I-Sb2O3 / umatshini isetyenziswe kunye ne-halides ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwayo ne-hydrogen halide ekhutshwe yi-halides.
Kwaye imveliso ichithwa ngokushisa kwi-SbCl3, eyigesi eguqukayo enendawo yokubilisa ephantsi.Le gesi inobuninzi obuphezulu kwaye inokuhlala kwindawo yokutshisa ixesha elide ukuze idibanise iigesi ezinokutsha, ihlukanise umoya, kwaye idlale indima ekuthinteleni i-olefins;Okwesibini, inokubamba iiradicals zasimahla ezinokutsha ukucinezela amadangatye.Ukongeza, i-SbCl3 idibanisa kwi-droplet njengamaqhekeza aqinileyo phezu komlilo, kwaye umphumo wayo wodonga usasaza ubushushu obukhulu, unciphisa okanye umise isantya sokutsha.Ngokuqhelekileyo, umlinganiselo we-3: 1 ufanelekile ngakumbi kwi-chlorine ukuya kwii-athomu zetsimbi.
11. Ngokutsho kophando lwangoku, zeziphi iindlela zokwenza i-flame retardants?
Impendulo: ① Iimveliso zokubola zezithinteli zomlilo kwiqondo lobushushu lokutsha zenza ifilimu engaguquguqukiyo nengena-oxidizing yeglasi ebhityileyo, enokwahlula amandla abonisa umoya okanye ibe ne-thermal conductivity ephantsi.
② Iiretardants zomlilo ziye zibole ukuze zenze iigesi ezingatshayo, ngaloo ndlela zinyibilikisa iigesi ezinokutsha kwaye zinyibilikise ukugcwala kweoksijini kwindawo yokutsha;③ Unyibiliko kunye nokubola kwezithinteli zomlilo zifunxa ubushushu kwaye zibudle ubushushu;
④ Iiretardants zomlilo zikhuthaza ukubunjwa kwe-porous thermal insulation layer kumphezulu weplastiki, ukuthintela ukuqhutyelwa kobushushu kunye nokuvutha ngakumbi.
12.Kutheni iplastiki ithanda umbane ongatshintshiyo ngexesha lokulungiswa okanye ukusetyenziswa?
Impendulo: Ngenxa yokuba amakhonkco e-molecular ye-polymer ephambili ininzi yenziwe ngamabhondi adibeneyo, ayinakukwazi i-ionize okanye idlulise ii-electron.Ngexesha lokusetyenzwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemveliso zayo, xa idibana kunye nokungqubana nezinye izinto okanye ngokwayo, ihlawuliswa ngenxa yenzuzo okanye ukulahleka kwee-electron, kwaye kunzima ukunyamalala ngokuziqhuba.
13. Ziziphi iimpawu zesakhiwo se-molecular of antistatic agents?
Impendulo: RYX R: iqela le-oleophilic, Y: iqela elidibanisayo, X: iqela le-hydrophilic.Kwiimolekyuli zabo, kufuneka kubekho ibhalansi efanelekileyo phakathi kweqela le-oleophilic elingekho polar kunye neqela le-polar hydrophilic, kwaye kufuneka babe nokuhambelana okuthile kunye nezinto zepolymer.Amaqela e-Alkyl angentla kwe-C12 ngamaqela e-oleophilic aqhelekileyo, ngelixa i-hydroxyl, i-carboxyl, i-sulfonic acid, kunye ne-ether bond zingamaqela aqhelekileyo e-hydrophilic.
14. Chaza ngokufutshane indlela yokusebenza kwee-anti-static agents.
Impendulo: Okokuqala, i-anti-static agents zenza ifilimu eqhubekayo eqhubekayo phezu kwezinto eziphathekayo, ezinokuthi zinike umphezulu wemveliso kunye neqondo elithile le-hygroscopicity kunye ne-ionization, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ukumelana nomphezulu kunye nokubangela ukuba iintlawulo ze-static zenziwe ngokukhawuleza. ukuvuza, ukuze kuphunyezwe injongo ye-anti-static;Okwesibini kukunika umgangatho wezinto eziphathekayo kunye neqondo elithile lokuthambisa, ukunciphisa i-coefficient ye-friction, kwaye ngaloo ndlela ucinezele kwaye unciphise ukuveliswa kweentlawulo ze-static.
① Iiarhente zangaphandle ezichasene nestatic zihlala zisetyenziswa njengezinyibilikisi okanye izisasazi ngamanzi, utywala, okanye ezinye izinyibilikisi eziphilayo.Xa usebenzisa i-anti-static agents ukumilisela izinto ze-polymer, inxalenye ye-hydrophilic ye-anti-static adsorbs ngokuqinileyo kumphezulu wezinto eziphathekayo, kwaye inxalenye ye-hydrophilic ifunxa amanzi emoyeni, ngaloo ndlela yenza umaleko we-conductive kumphezulu wezinto eziphathekayo. , edlala indima ekupheliseni umbane ongatshintshiyo;
② I-arhente ye-anti-static yangaphakathi ixutywe kwi-matrix ye-polymer ngexesha lokulungiswa kweplastiki, kwaye emva koko ifudukela kumphezulu wepolymer ukuze idlale indima echasene ne-static;
③ I-polymer edityanisiweyo esisigxina ye-anti-static agent yindlela yokudibanisa ngokulinganayo iipholima ze-hydrophilic zibe yipolymer ukwenza imijelo eqhubayo eqhuba kwaye ikhulule iintlawulo ezimileyo.
15.Luluphi utshintsho oludla ngokwenzeka kwisakhiwo kunye neepropathi zerabha emva kwe-vulcanization?
Impendulo: ① Irabha evulziweyo itshintshile ukusuka kwisakhiwo somgca ukuya kwisakhiwo sothungelwano esine-dimensional ezintathu;② Ukufudumala akusayi kuhamba;③ Ayisanyibiliki kwisinyibiliki sayo esilungileyo;④ Ukuphuculwa kwemodyuli kunye nobunzima;⑤ Ukuphuculwa kweempawu zoomatshini;⑥ Ukuphucula ukuxhathisa ukwaluphala kunye nokuzinza kweekhemikhali;⑦ Ukusebenza kwesiphakathi kunokwehla.
16. Uthini umahluko phakathi kwesulfure yesulfide kunye nesulfure donor sulfide?
Impendulo: ① I-vulcanization yesulfure: Iibhondi ezininzi zesulfure, ukumelana nobushushu, ukunganyangeki ukwaluphala, ukuguquguquka okuhle, kunye nokuguqulwa okukhulu okusisigxina;② Umnikezeli wesulfure: Iibhondi ezininzi zesulfure enye, ukumelana nobushushu obuhle kunye nokumelana nokuguga.
17. Wenza ntoni umkhuthazi we-vulcanization?
Impendulo: Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yeerubha, ukunciphisa iindleko, nokuphucula ukusebenza.Izinto ezinokukhuthaza ukuxhatshazwa.Inokunciphisa ixesha le-vulcanization, ukunciphisa ubushushu be-vulcanization, ukunciphisa inani le-agent ye-vulcanizing, kunye nokuphucula iimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye nezixhobo zerubha.
18. Burn phenomenon: ibhekisa kwisenzeko se-vulcanization yokuqala yezinto zerabha ngexesha lokucubungula.
19. Chaza ngokufutshane umsebenzi kunye neendidi eziphambili ze-vulcanizing agents
Impendulo: Umsebenzi we-activator kukuphucula umsebenzi we-accelerator, ukunciphisa i-dosage ye-accelerator, kunye nokunciphisa ixesha le-vulcanization.
I-agent esebenzayo: into enokunyusa umsebenzi we-organic accelerators, ebavumela ukuba basebenzise ngokupheleleyo ukusebenza kwabo, ngokunciphisa inani le-accelerators elisetyenzisiweyo okanye lifinyeze ixesha le-vulcanization.Ii-agent ezisebenzayo zohlulwe ngokubanzi zibe ziindidi ezimbini: ii-agent ezisebenzayo ezingaphiliyo kunye ne-organic active agents.I-Inorganic surfactants ikakhulu ibandakanya i-metal oxides, i-hydroxides, kunye ne-carbonates esisiseko;Izinto ze-Organic surfactants ikakhulu ziquka ii-asidi ezinamafutha, ii-amines, iisepha, ii-polyols, kunye ne-amino alcohols.Ukongeza inani elincinci le-activator kwikhompawundi yerabha kunokuphucula idigri yayo ye-vulcanization.
1) Ii-agent ezisebenzayo ze-Inorganic: ikakhulu ii-oxide zetsimbi;
2) Ii-agent ezisebenzayo ze-Organic: ikakhulukazi i-fatty acids.
Ingqalelo: ① i-ZnO ingasetyenziswa njengentsimbi ye-oxide vulcanizing agent kwi-crosslink yerabha ene-halogenated;② I-ZnO inokuphucula ukuxhathisa ubushushu berabha evuthisiweyo.
20.Ziziphi iziphumo zesithuba se-accelerators kwaye zeziphi iintlobo ze-accelerator ezineziphumo ezilungileyo zesithuba?
Impendulo: Ngaphantsi kweqondo lobushushu le-vulcanization, aliyi kubangela i-vulcanization yokuqala.Xa ukushisa kwe-vulcanization kufikeleleke, umsebenzi we-vulcanization uphezulu, kwaye le propati ibizwa ngokuba yi-post effect ye-accelerator.I-sulfonamides ineempembelelo ezilungileyo zesithuba.
21. Inkcazo yezithambisi kunye nomahluko phakathi kwezithambisi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle?
Impendulo: I-Lubricant - isongezelelo esinokuphucula ukungqubuzana kunye nokunamathela phakathi kweengqungquthela zeplastiki kunye phakathi kwe-melt kunye nomgangatho wesinyithi wezixhobo zokucubungula, ukwandisa i-fluidity ye-resin, ukufezekisa ixesha leplastiki ye-resin eguquguqukayo, kunye nokugcina imveliso eqhubekayo, ibizwa ngokuba yi-lubricant.
Izithambisi zangaphandle zinokonyusa ukuthambisa kwemiphezulu yeplastiki ngexesha lokusetyenzwa, ukunciphisa amandla okuncamathela phakathi kweplastiki kunye nomgangatho wentsimbi, kunye nokunciphisa amandla okucheba ngoomatshini, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa injongo yokusetyenzwa ngokulula ngaphandle kokonakalisa iipropathi zeplastiki.Izithambisi zangaphakathi zinokunciphisa ukungqubana kwangaphakathi kweepolymers, zonyuse izinga lokunyibilika kunye nokunyibilika kweplastiki, ukunciphisa i-viscosity enyibilikayo, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kweplastiki.
Umahluko phakathi kwezithambiso zangaphakathi nangaphandle: Izithambisi zangaphakathi zifuna ukuhambelana kakuhle kunye neepolymers, ukunciphisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamatyathanga eemolekyuli, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kokuhamba;Kwaye izithambiso zangaphandle zifuna iqondo elithile lokuhambelana kunye neepolymers ukunciphisa ingxabano phakathi kweepolymers kunye neendawo ezinomatshini.
22. Ziziphi izinto ezibonisa ubukhulu befuthe lokuqiniswa kweefayili?
Impendulo: Ubungakanani bempembelelo yokuqinisa kuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo esiphambili seplastiki ngokwayo, inani leengqungquthela zokuzalisa, indawo ethile kunye nobukhulu, umsebenzi ongaphezulu, ubungakanani beqhekeza kunye nokusabalalisa, isakhiwo sesigaba, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kunye nokusabalalisa amaqhekeza ngaphakathi. iipholima.Owona mba ubalulekileyo yintsebenziswano phakathi kwesigcwalisi kunye ne-interface layer eyenziwe ngamatyathanga epolymer, ebandakanya zombini amandla asemzimbeni okanye ekhemikhali akhutshwa yisuntswana lendawo kumatyathanga e-polymer, kunye nekristale kunye nokuqhelaniswa kwe-polymer chain. ngaphakathi kwendawo yojongano.
23. Ziziphi izinto ezichaphazela amandla eeplastiki ezomeleziweyo?
Impendulo: ① Amandla e-arhente yokuqinisa akhethwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno;② Amandla eepholima ezisisiseko zinokuhlangatyezwa ngokukhetha kunye nokuguqulwa kweepholima;③ Ukudibana komphezulu phakathi kweeplastiki kunye neepholima ezisisiseko;④ Izixhobo zombutho zokuqinisa imathiriyeli.
24. Yintoni i-agent edibeneyo, iimpawu zayo ze-molecular structure, kunye nomzekelo wokubonisa indlela yokwenza.
Impendulo: Ii-agent ezidibanisayo zibhekisela kuhlobo lwezinto ezinokuphucula iimpawu ze-interface phakathi kweefayili kunye nezixhobo ze-polymer.
Kukho iindidi ezimbini zamaqela asebenzayo kwisakhiwo sayo se-molecular: umntu unokuhlangabezana neempendulo zekhemikhali kunye ne-matrix ye-polymer okanye ubuncinane ukuhambelana kakuhle;Olunye uhlobo lunokwenza iibhondi zeekhemikhali kunye nezihlunu ze-inorganic.Ngokomzekelo, i-agent ye-silane coupling, i-formula jikelele ingabhalwa njenge-RSiX3, apho i-R yiqela elisebenzayo elisebenzayo kunye nobudlelwane kunye ne-reactivity kunye nama-molecule e-polymer, njenge-vinyl chloropropyl, epoxy, methacryl, amino, kunye namaqela e-thiol.I-X liqela le-alkoxy elinokwenziwa i-hydrolyzed, njenge-methoxy, ethoxy, njl.
25. Yintoni into ekhupha ugwebu?
Impendulo: I-arhente yogwebu luhlobo lwento enokuthi yenze i-microporous structure yerabha okanye iplastiki kwindawo engamanzi okanye yeplastiki ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile lwe-viscosity.
Physical foaming agent: Physical foaming agent: luhlobo lwekhompawundi oluphumeza usukelo olunamagwebu ngokuthembela kutshintsho kwimo yalo yenyama ngexesha lenkqubo yogwebu;
I-agent ye-Chemical foaming agent: Kwiqondo elithile lobushushu, iya kubola ngokutshisa ivelise igesi enye okanye ngaphezulu, ibangele i-polymer foaming.
26. Ziziphi iimpawu ze-inorganic chemistry kunye ne-organic chemistry ekuboleni kwee-agent ezinegwebu?
Impendulo: Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo kwi-organic foaming agents: ① ukusasazeka kakuhle kwiipolima;② Uluhlu lweqondo lokushisa lincinci kwaye kulula ukulawula;③ Irhasi ye-N2 eveliswayo ayitshi, iqhume, inyibilike ngokulula, inesantya esisezantsi sokusasazwa, kwaye akulula ukubaleka kugwebu, okukhokelela kwisantya esiphezulu sengubo;④ Amasuntswana amancinci akhokelela kwimibhobho yogwebu encinci;⑤ Kukho iintlobo ezininzi;⑥ Emva kogwebu, kukho intsalela eninzi, ngamanye amaxesha ifikelela kuma-70% -85%.Ezi ntsalela ngamanye amaxesha zinokubangela ivumba, zingcolise izinto zepolymer, okanye zivelise imbonakalo yeqabaka engaphezulu;⑦ Ngexesha lokubola, ngokuqhelekileyo kukusabela kwe-exothermic.Ukuba ubushushu bokubola be-arhente esetyenziswayo ugwebu buphezulu kakhulu, bunokubangela i-gradient enkulu yobushushu ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwenkqubo yogwebu ngexesha lenkqubo yogwebu, ngamanye amaxesha kubangele ubushushu obuphezulu bangaphakathi kwaye bonakalise iipropati zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ze-polymer Organic arhente zogwebu. zizinto ezininzi ezinokutsha, kwaye ingqalelo kufuneka ihlawulwe ekuthinteleni umlilo ngexesha lokugcinwa kunye nokusetyenziswa.
27. Yintoni i-masterbatch yombala?
Impendulo: Yingqokelela eyenziwe ngokulayisha ngokufanayo ii-pigments eziphezulu okanye iidayi kwiresin;Amacandelo asisiseko: i-pigments okanye idayi, abathwali, i-dispersants, izongezo;Umsebenzi: ① Iluncedo ekugcineni uzinzo lwekhemikhali kunye nokuzinza kombala webala;② Ukuphucula ukusasazeka kwebala lemibala kwiiplastiki;③ Khusela impilo yabasebenzi;④ Inkqubo elula kunye nokuguqulwa kombala kulula;⑤ Imekobume icocekile kwaye ayingcolisi mpahla;⑥ Gcina ixesha kunye nemathiriyeli ekrwada.
28. Abhekisela entwenini amandla okufaka imibala?
Impendulo: Kukukwazi kwemibala ukuchaphazela umbala womxube wonke ngombala wabo;Xa ii-agent zombala zisetyenziswa kwiimveliso zeplastiki, amandla azo okugquma abhekiselele kumandla abo okuthintela ukukhanya ekungeneni kwimveliso.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-11-2024